We study the perspectives of measuring the phenomenon of vacuum birefringence predicted by quantum electrodynamics using an x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) alone.We devise an experimental scheme allowing two consecutive XFEL pulses to collide under a finite angle, and thus act as both pump and probe field for the effect.The signature of vacuum bir
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity is reduced in cigarette smokers and this may promote the reinforcing actions of nicotine, thereby enhancing the addictive properties of cigarettes.At present, it is unclear how cigarette smoking leads to MAO inhibition, but preclinical studies in rodents show that MAO inhibition increases nicotine self-administratio
The conversion Collections of organic waste and energy crops into fuel would help society by producing clean fuel from the regenerative feedstock.Industrial biofuels may be non-polluting and sustainable if properly linked with natural ecological cycles.A common method of producing heat and power from bioenergy is biomass gasification.Furthermore, p
A parametric Eye Nutrients framework for the analysis of transcriptome data is demonstrated to yield coincident results when applied to data acquired using two different microarray platforms.Microarrays are widely employed to acquire transcriptome information, and several platforms of chips are currently in use.However, discrepancies among studies